Ukushintsha Idrayivu Ehlulekile ku-mdadm Array ku-Ubuntu

Kushicilelwe: 15 Pébruari 2025 jam 22.09.44 UTC

Uma usesimweni esesabekayo sokwehluleka kwedrayivu ku-mdadm RAID array, lesi sihloko sichaza ukuthi ungasifaka kanjani esikhundleni kahle ohlelweni lwe-Ubuntu.

Leli khasi lihunyushwe ngomshini lisuka esiNgisini ukuze lenze lifinyeleleke kubantu abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngeshwa, ukuhumusha ngomshini akukabi ubuchwepheshe obuphelele, ngakho-ke amaphutha angenzeka. Uma uthanda, ungabuka inguqulo yokuqala yesiNgisi lapha:

Replacing a Failed Drive in an mdadm Array on Ubuntu

Ulwazi kulokhu okuthunyelwe lusekelwe ku-Ubuntu 18.04 kanye nenguqulo ye-mdadm efakwe kumakhosombe ayo; ngesikhathi sokubhala i-v4.1-rc1. Ingase ivumeleke noma ingasebenzi kwezinye izinguqulo.

Ngisanda kuba nokwehluleka kwedrayivu kungazelelwe kuseva yami yefayela lasekhaya, eliqukethe amadrayivu ayisishiyagalolunye kuhlelo lwe-mdadm RAID-6. Lokho kuhlala kusabisa, kodwa ngenhlanhla ngikwazile ukuthola ngokushesha idrayivu yokufaka esikhundleni esevele ilethwe ngakusasa ukuze ngikwazi ukuqalisa ukwakha kabusha.

Kuyavunywa ukuthi ngangishibhile kakhulu lapho ngimisa iseva yefayela ekuqaleni; amabili kuphela amadrayivu angamadrayivu we-NAS wangempela (Seagate IronWolf), kanti amanye amadrayivu edeskithophu (Seagate Barracuda). Akumangazi ukuthi bekungenye yamadrayivu edeskithophu ayeseyekile (ngemuva cishe kweminyaka emithathu yenkonzo, nokho). Yayifile ngokuphelele; ngemuva kokuyihambisa endaweni ebiyelwe nge-USB yedeskithophu engangiphuma kuyo kwakunomsindo wokuchofoza ongethuki futhi no-Ubuntu 20.04 noma Windows 10 ikwazile ukuyibona.

Hhayi-ke, qhubekela engxenyeni eshintshwayo (futhi yebo, idrayivu entsha engiyithengile kwakuyi-IronWolf, isifundo esifundiwe) - ngokwesabeka njengoba ilahlekelwa idrayivu ngohlelo olusebenzayo, kuyethusa nakakhulu uma ungayazi inqubo efanele yokuyishintsha. Akukhona okokuqala kufanele ngishintshe idrayivu ehlulekile ohlwini lwe-mdadm, kodwa ngenhlanhla kuyivelakancane kangangokuthi ngokuvamile kufanele ngibheke imiyalo efanele. Ngalesi sikhathi nginqume ukwenza umhlahlandlela wami omncane ukuze ngiwubhekise esikhathini esizayo.

Ngakho-ke, okokuqala, lapho uthola i-imeyili yomcimbi owesabekayo ovela ku-mdadm, udinga ukukhomba ukuthi iyiphi idrayivu ehlulekile. Impela, izokutshela igama ledivayisi (endabeni yami /dev/sdf), kodwa cishe akucaci ukuthi iyiphi idrayivu ebonakalayo njengoba lawo magama engashintsha lapho umshini uqalwa.

Uma ungenaso isiqiniseko sokuthi yiliphi igama ledivayisi elihlulekile, ungasebenzisa umyalo olandelayo ukuthola (shintshanisa /dev/md0 ngedivayisi yakho ye-RAID):

mdadm -–query -–detail /dev/md0

Njengoba kushiwo, esimweni sami kwakuyi-/dev/sdf, ngakho-ke ake siqhubeke nalokho.

Ngemuva kwalokho, ungazama ukuthola inombolo ye-serial yedrayivu ehlulekile ngokukhipha lo myalo:

smartctl -–all /dev/sdf | grep -i 'Serial'

(uma i-smartctl ingatholakali, udinga ukufaka iphakheji le-smartmontools ku-Ubuntu)

Inombolo yomkhiqizo ingase iqhathaniswe nezinombolo ze-serial kulebula ebonakalayo kumadrayivu ukuze kutholwe ukuthi iyiphi ehlulekile.

Kulokhu, angibanga nayo inhlanhla kangako. Idrayivu ibifile ngokuphelele futhi yenqaba ngisho nokuhlinzeka nge-SMART noma enye idatha, okuhlanganisa nenombolo yomkhiqizo.

Njengoba ngibe nokufinyelela ngokomzimba kuseva (okudinga ngempela uma uzoshintsha idrayivu yakho ngokwakho, ngicabanga ukuthi ;-)) futhi iseva ibisebenza lapho idiski yehluleka (futhi yaqhubeka nokusebenza kahle ngenxa ye-RAID-6 redundancy), ngahamba nendlela yokuqala, kodwa empeleni ephumelela kakhulu futhi esobala, yokumane ukopishe ifayela elikhulu kuseva futhi ubuke ukuthi iyiphi i-HDD engazange ikhanyise. Ngemizuzwana nje ngase ngimtholile owenze icala.

Manje, ngaphambi kokukhipha idrayivu ebonakalayo, kuwumqondo omuhle ukwazisa ngokusemthethweni i-mdadm ngale nhloso, ngokukhipha lo myalo (shintshanisa amagama edivayisi ngelakho njengoba kufaneleka):

mdadm -–manage /dev/md0 -–remove /dev/sdf1

Empumelelweni, i-mdadm izophendula ngomlayezo othi "isuse ukushisa" idrayivu, ngokusobala ngoba idivayisi yokuhlasela ebonakalayo iyasebenza ngaleso sikhathi.

Uma ihluleka ngomlayezo wephutha ofana nokuthi "idivayisi noma insiza imatasa", kungenzeka ukuthi i-mdadm empeleni ayizange ibhalise idrayivu ukuthi yehluleke ngokuphelele. Ukuze wenze lokho, khipha lo myalo (futhi, khumbula ukushintsha amagama edivayisi ngeyakho njengoba kufanele):

mdadm --manage /dev/md0 --fail /dev/sdf

Ngemva kwalokho, kufanele ukwazi ukususa idivayisi ohlwini ngomyalo odlule.

Manje sekuyisikhathi sokushintsha idrayivu ngempela. Uma ngempela, ngempela - uthanda, ngempela - uqinisekile ukuthi umshini wakho nesilawuli sisekela ukushintshashintsha okushisayo, ungakwenza lokhu ngaphandle kokuvala umshini. Leyo kungaba yindlela yokuqhubeka ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza ezibucayi ezisebenza ku-hardware yangempela, efanele yeseva owaziyo ukuthi ingakwazi ukuyiphatha. Iseva yami yefayela lasekhaya isekelwe ebhodini lomama ledeskithophu yebanga labathengi elinabalawuli abambalwa be-SATA abangaziwa ezindaweni ze-PCIe ukuhlinzeka ngamachweba we-SATA amaningi, noma kunjalo.

Yize i-SATA ngokuvamile kufanele isekele ukushintshashintsha okushisayo, bengingazimisele ngokubeka engcupheni noma yini kulokhu kusetha, ngakho ngikhethe ukuvala umshini ngenkathi ngishintsha idrayivu.

Ngaphambi kokwenza lokho, kuwumqondo omuhle ukuphawula ngedivayisi yokuhlasela efayeleni /etc/fstab ukuze Ubuntu bungazami ukuyifaka ngokuzenzakalelayo ebhuthini elandelayo, ngoba ingase ilenge futhi ikuphoqe kumodi yokutakula ngenxa yohlu lwe-RAID eyonakele. Lokho kungase kungabi yinkinga enkulu uma kuwuhlelo lwedeskithophu, kodwa ngisebenzisa le seva ngaphandle kwekhanda ngaphandle kokuqapha noma ikhibhodi enamathiselwe, ngakho-ke lokhu kungaba inkinga.

Ngemva kokuqalisa umshini ngedrayivu entsha ecwebezelayo efakiwe, sebenzisa i-lsblk noma ezinye izindlela zokuyikhomba. Uma ungakashintshi noma yini enye, cishe (kodwa hhayi ngempela ) izothola igama elifanayo nedrayivu oyishintshile. Endabeni yami yenzekile, ngakho-ke entsha ibizwa nangokuthi /dev/sdf.

Njengoba amalungu afanayo ami asekelwe kuma-partitions kunamadivayisi aphathekayo, bengidinga ukukopisha ithebula lokuhlukanisa ukusuka kudrayivu esebenzayo ukuya kudrayivu entsha ukuze ngiqinisekise ukuthi ayafana ncamashi. Uma usebenzisa amalungu afanayo akho kumadivayisi aphathekayo esikhundleni salokho, ungeqa lesi sinyathelo.

Ngisebenzise i-sgdisk ngale njongo, ngikopisha ithebula lokuhlukanisa ukusuka ku-/dev/sdc kuya ku-/dev/sdf. Qiniseka ukuthi ushintsha amagama edivayisi ukuze afane neyakho njengoba kufaneleka.

Qaphela ukuhleleka lapha: ubhala "kuya" ukushayela kuqala! Lokhu kungiphikisa kancane, kodwa vele uqiniseke ukuthi ukuthole kahle ukuze ungatholi okunye ukwehluleka kwedrayivu ohlwini ;-)

sgdisk -R /dev/sdf /dev/sdc

Bese ugwema izingxabano ze-UUID, khiqiza ama-UUID amasha kudrayivu entsha:

sgdisk -G /dev/sdf

Futhi manje ekugcineni isikhathi sesifikile sokwengeza idrayivu entsha ohlwini futhi uqalise iphathi yokwakha kabusha! (Kulungile, akuyona iphathi ngempela, empeleni inqubo ehamba kancane futhi engathandeki njengoba ngempela, ungafuni enye idrayivu yehluleke ngalesi sikhathi. Ubhiya ungasiza, noma kunjalo)

Noma kunjalo, ukuze ungeze idrayivu entsha ohlwini, khipha lo myalo (futhi, qiniseka ukuthi ushintsha amagama edivayisi ngeyakho njengoba kufaneleka):

mdadm -–manage /dev/md0 -–add /dev/sdf1

Uma konke kuhamba kahle, idrayivu izongezwa kuhlelo ngaphandle kwama-hiccups. Ngikholelwa ukuthi empeleni yengezwe njenge "hot spare" ngokuzenzakalelayo, kodwa njengoba lolu hlu lushoda ngediski (leyo ehlulekile), isetshenziswa ngokushesha futhi inqubo yokwakha kabusha izoqala.

Ungahlala uyibhekile kanjena:

watch cat /proc/mdstat

Lokhu cishe kuzothatha isikhashana; kuseva yami ephansi (ngokusekelwe kakhulu kwihardware yebanga lomthengi namadrayivu edeskithophu, khumbula) ikwazile ukufinyelela ngaphansi kuka-100 MB/sec. Khumbula ukuthi lena yi-RAID-6, ngakho-ke kunezibalo eziningi zokulingana ezihilelekile ekwakheni kabusha; i-RAID-10 ngabe isheshe kakhulu. Lo mshini une-AMD A10 9700E quad core CPU (i-"E" okusho ukuthi uyimodeli eyonga amandla angaphansi kwewashi, okusho ukuthi ayisheshi kakhulu), ukukunikeza nje umbono wokuthi yini ongayilindela. Ngokushayela kwe-TB eyisishiyagalolunye kwe-8 ekusetheni kwami, ukwakha kabusha okugcwele kuthathe amahora angaphezudlwana kuka-24.

Ngesikhathi sokwakha kabusha, ungakwazi ukukhweza isistimu yefayela ohlwini futhi uyisebenzise njengokujwayelekile uma uthanda, kodwa ngincamela ukuyishiya ekwakhiweni kabusha kuze kuqedwe. Khumbula ukuthi uma idrayivu eyodwa ihluleka, enye ingase ilandele maduze, ngakho-ke ufuna ukwakha kabusha kwenziwe ngokushesha okukhulu njengoba ungafuni ukuthi enye idrayivu yehluleke ngaleso sikhathi. Ngakho-ke, ungayithwesi umthwalo ngenye i-IO engadingeki ngokuphelele.

Uma isiqedile, yengeze futhi kufayela lakho /etc/fstab, qalisa kabusha futhi ujabulele amafayela akho :-)